Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research

Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Removal of 4-Chlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions by Manganese Oxide Doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using RSM

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Shima Rezaei 1
Afshin Maleki 1
Reza Rezaee 1
Hajar Kashefi 2
Yahya Zandsalimi 1
1 Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
10.34172/jaehr.1365
Abstract
Background: Phenol and its derivatives as a toxic and dangerous substance produce by many industries. This pollutant must be removed from contaminated streams or fluids before discharging. The aim of this study was to enhancement of nano-photocatalytic removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) from aqueous solutions applying manganese oxide doped ZnO nanoparticle (MnO₃-doped ZnO) catalyst via experimental designing of surface-response method.
Methods: In this study, MnO₃-doped ZnO NPs were fabricated using hydrothermal technique and ratio of Mn-doped ZnO NPs consisted of 0 (pure), 0.5, 1 and 1.5%. The characteristics of the synthesized NPs was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. For determined the doped ZnO quality, variables such as pH, initial 4-CP concentration, NPs dose and contact time were probed in 4-CP removal.
Results: Results demonstrate that the removal efficiency are significantly affected by the varied Mn-doped ZnO ratio. The ratio of 1% was optimal. The hexagonal shape of NPs confirmed by XRD and SEM analysis. The SEM indicated that no agglomeration of NPs observed. The sharp edges peaks in XRD indicate a proper crystallized ZnO NPs. Regression analysis showed a quadratic polynomial model was obtained for efficiency prediction. The data providing an acceptable model assumption for analyzing the variance. It was also realized that increasing the nanoparticles dose and the contact time led to reduce the removal rat.
Conclusion: Comparing the 4-CP removal efficiency of bare ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO showed that the Mn-doped ZnO have larger efficiency and improve up to 84%.
Keywords
4-Chlorophenol
Zinc oxide
Photocatalyst
Doping
Surface-response

Subjects

  1. Saravanakumar K, Yun K, Maheskumar V, Yea Y, Jagan G, Park CM. Construction of novel In2S3/Ti3C2 MXene quantum dots/SmFeO3 Z-scheme heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic removal of sulfamethoxazole and 4-chlorophenol: degradation pathways and mechanism insights. Chem Eng J. 2023;451(Pt 1):138933. doi: 1016/j.cej.2022.138933.
  2. Mukhopadhyay A, Duttagupta S, Mukherjee A. Emerging organic contaminants in global community drinking water sources and supply: a review of occurrence, processes and remediation. J Environ Chem Eng. 2022;10(3):107560. doi: 1016/j.jece.2022.107560.
  3. Wang G, Bi W, Zhang Q, Dong X, Zhang X. Hydrothermal carbonation carbon-based photocatalysis under visible light: modification for enhanced removal of organic pollutant and novel insight into the photocatalytic mechanism. J Hazard Mater. 2022;426:127821. doi: 1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127821.
  4. Li Z, Mao Y, Liu Z, Song Z, Qu S, Wang Z, et al. Efficient adsorption and removal mechanism of 2,4-dichlorophenol by MoS2@C6H12O6 floral activated carbon with intercalated structure. Mater Sci Eng B Solid State Mater Adv Technol. 2024;299:116807. doi: 1016/j.mseb.2023.116807.
  5. Harini G, Subhiksha V, Okla MK, Abdel-maksoud MA, Al-ghamdi AA, Alatar AA, et al. Construction of sandwich like RGO/BiVO4/ZSM-5 hybrid heterostructure for the enhanced photocatalytic removal of p-chlorophenol. Surf Interfaces. 2024;44:103774. doi: 1016/j.surfin.2023.103774.
  6. Barrera A, Hernández-Amezcua J, López-Álvarez MA, Carbajal-Arízaga GG, Casillas JE, Velásquez-Ordoñez C, et al. Promotion effect of Ga3+ in ZnAlGa-x mixed oxides obtained from their layered double hydroxides on the enhancement in the transient photocurrent response, the inhibition in the recombination rate of photogenerated (e−, h + ) charges and the photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem. 2024;449:115403. doi: 1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115403.
  7. Yadav S, Kumar S, Haritash AK. A comprehensive review of chlorophenols: fate, toxicology and its treatment. J Environ Manage. 2023;342:118254. doi: 1016/j.jenvman.2023.118254.
  8. Bayramoglu G, Gursel I, Tunali Y, Arica MY. Biosorption of phenol and 2-chlorophenol by Funalia trogii Bioresour Technol. 2009;100(10):2685-91. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.042.
  9. Rakshitha R, Chethan R, Pallavi N. Photocatalytic removal of emerging contaminants from water using metal oxide-based nanoparticles. Curr Nanosci. 2024;20(3):339-55. doi: 2174/1573413719666230331111906.
  10. Vallejo W, Cantillo A, Díaz-Uribe C. Improvement of the photocatalytic activity of ZnO thin films doped with manganese. Heliyon. 2023;9(10):e20809. doi: 1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20809.
  11. Sharma A, Kumar P. Review on structural, magnetic, optical properties of manganese doped zinc oxide nanoparticles. Mater Today Proc. 2023. doi: 1016/j.matpr.2023.01.248.
  12. Bezerra MA, Santelli RE, Oliveira EP, Villar LS, Escaleira LA. Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta. 2008;76(5):965-77. doi: 1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019.
  13. Gouvea MEV, Boldrin FH, da Silva BH, Paiva LK, de Moraes NP, Gonçalves de Aguiar L, et al. Fluidized bed reactor for 4-chlorophenol photodegradation via solar and visible radiation using ZnO/g-C3N4/carbon xerogel as a photocatalyst. Chem Phys Impact. 2024;8:100428. doi: 1016/j.chphi.2023.100428.
  14. Reda SM, Khairy M, Mousa MA. Photocatalytic activity of nitrogen and copper doped TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by microwave-assisted sol-gel process. Arab J Chem. 2020;13(1):86-95. doi: 1016/j.arabjc.2017.02.002.
  15. Shahmoradi B, Soga K, Ananda S, Somashekar R, Byrappa K. Modification of neodymium-doped ZnO hybrid nanoparticles under mild hydrothermal conditions. Nanoscale. 2010;2(7):1160-4. doi: 1039/c0nr00069h.
  16. Nkamuo CJ, Okoli NL, Nzekwe FN, Egwunyenga NJ. Tuning the properties of manganese-doped zinc oxide nanostructured thin films deposited by SILAR approach. Chem Inorg Mater. 2024;2:100038. doi: 1016/j.cinorg.2024.100038.
  17. Abdollahi Y, Abdullah AH, Zainal Z, Yusof NA. Synthesis and characterization of manganese doped ZnO nanoparticles. Int J Basic Appl Sci. 2011;11(4):44-50.
  18. Jahan Tamanna N, Sahadat Hossain M, Mohammed Bahadur N, Ahmed S. Green synthesis of Ag2O & facile synthesis of ZnO and characterization using FTIR, bandgap energy & XRD (Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall, size-train plot, Monshi- Scherrer model). Results Chem. 2024;7:101313. doi: 1016/j.rechem.2024.101313.
  19. Umashankar R, Harshitha Devi S, Gurushantha K, Manjunatha SO, Al-Dossari M, Shobha G, et al. Improved photocatalytic, antimicrobial and photoelectrochemical properties of nanocrystalline Cu2+ -doped ZnO nanoparticles. Ceram Int. 2023;49(13):22449-59. doi: 1016/j.ceramint.2023.04.077.
  20. Sachin, Singh N, Shah K, Pramanik BK. Synthesis and application of manganese-doped zinc oxide as a potential adsorbent for removal of Congo red dye from wastewater. Environ Res. 2023;233:116484. doi: 1016/j.envres.2023.116484.
  21. Safdar H, Aydın R, Şahin B. Syntheses, structural evolution, electrical and optoelectronic characterization of ZnO/CuO composite films doped with transition metal Mn2+  Ceram Int. 2022;48(18):26678-88. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.05.362.
  22. Behnajady MA, Modirshahla N, Hamzavi R. Kinetic study on photocatalytic degradation of CI Acid Yellow 23 by ZnO photocatalyst. J Hazard Mater. 2006;133(1-3):226-32. doi: 1016/j.jhazmat.2005.10.022.
  23. Gholizadeh A, Kermani M, Gholami M, FarzadkiaM M. Comparative investigation of 2-chlorophenol and 4-chrorophenol removal using granulated activated carbon and rice husk ash. Tolooebehdasht. 2013;11(3):66-78. [Persian].
  24. Uddin MT, Islam MS, Abedin MZ. Adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution by water hyacinth ash. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci. 2007;2(2):11-7.
  25. Akhtar S, Khan AA, Husain Q. Potential of immobilized bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile dyes from polluted wastewater and dyeing effluent. Chemosphere. 2005;60(3):291-301. doi: 1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.017.
  26. Lathasree S, Rao AN, SivaSankar B, Sadasivam V, Rengaraj K. Heterogeneous photocatalytic mineralisation of phenols in aqueous solutions. J Mol Catal A Chem. 2004;223(1):101-5. doi: 1016/j.molcata.2003.08.032.
  27. Tehrani-Bagha AR, Gharagozlou M, Emami F. Decolorization of CI Reactive Red 120 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and magnetic nanoparticles of cobalt-iron oxide as a catalyst. J Color Sci Technol. 2012;6(1):77-86. [Persian].
  28. Fouad SM, El-Shazly YM, Alyoubi MA, Nosier SA, Abdel-Aziz MH. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of cationic dyes using slurry of anatase titania in a falling film reactor. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng. 2023;8:100518. doi: 1016/j.cscee.2023.100518.
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
Volume 12, Issue 4
Autumn 2024
Pages 205-211