Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research

Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research

Diazinon Residues in Rice and Associated Health Risks for Human; A Case Study in Rasht, Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Fatemeh Ghanbari 1
Maryam Kiani Sadr 2
Masoud Kouckakian 3
Kobra Melhosseini Darani 4
1 Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran.
2 Department of Environment, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
3 Infrastructural & the Environment of the Supreme Council of Iran's FTZS, Free-Trade Zone, Iran.
4 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources & Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
10.32598/JAEHR.9.2.1211
Abstract
Background: Rice is the most important agricultural crop and the main food in Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces in northern Iran where organophosphorus pesticides, especially diazinon, are used. The excessive use of this insecticide in the paddy fields of Rasht County is a serious threat to people’s health.
Methods: In this study, 30 rice samples were collected from five zones in the paddy fields of Rasht in summer. The samples were analyzed when rice is sold to assess the health risk caused by diazinon residues in rice. Following the digestion process, the samples were injected into a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) instrument. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and one-sample t-test were respectively used for analyzing data and the Health Risk Index (HRI) for assessing the risk of rice consumption. 
Results: According to the results, the mean residual diazinon concentration in the rice crops of the five studied zones at the time of consumption (three months after harvest) was 0.4±0.43 mg/kg-1. This was higher than the Iranian standard for permissible diazinon concentration in rice. The results of the health risk assessment for rice consumption indicated an HRI value of 0.13 for rice consumption, which did not constitute a serious risk for people who consume rice regularly. 
Conclusion: Although the results of this study showed that there are no potential health risks for consumers, with increasing the use of chemical pesticides for crops, to achieve food safety, regular monitoring of pesticide residues in crops is recommended. 
Keywords
Diazinon
Health risk index
Reference dose
Pesticide residue
Cereals
Subjects
  1. Aktar MW, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: Their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2009; 2(1):1-12. [DOI:10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7] [PMID] [PMCID]
  2. Rusinamhodzi Challenges in maximizing benefits from ecosystem services and transforming food systems. In: Rusinamhodzi L, editor. The Role of Ecosystem Services in Sustainable Food Systems. London: Academic Press; 2020. pp. 263-274. [DOI:10.101 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2516-2340 6/B978-0-12-816436-5.00013-5]
  3. Tari K, Samarghandi MR, Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard N, Jorfi S, Yari AR, Panahi Fard M. Pollution status of pesticide residues in food products in Iran: A mini-review within 2008-2018. Arch Hyg Sci. 2020; 9(3):214-23. [DOI:10.29252/ArchHygSci.9.3.214]
  4. Khan MJ, Zia MS, Qasim M. Use of pesticides and their role in environmental pollution. Int J Environ Ecol Eng. 2010; 4(12):621-7. https://publications.waset.org/2211/use-of-pesticides-and-their-role-in-environmental-pollution
  5. Xiao YM, Wang J, Wang MA, Liu JP, Yuan HZ, Qin ZH. Study on the inclusion complexes of flumorph and dimethomorph with ß-cyclodextrin to improve fungicide formulation. J Chem Soc Pak. 2010; 32(3):363. https://jcsp.org.pk/issueDetail.aspx?aid=378975e2-9855-40ec-8af3-f0a49d14f9d4
  6. Nougadère A, Sirot V, Cravedi JP, Vasseur P, Feidt C, Fussell RJ, et al. Dietary exposure to pesticide residues and associated health risks in infants and young children - Results of the French infant total diet study. Environ Int. 2020; 137:105529. [DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105529][PMID]
  7. Cassou E. Pesticides [Internet]. 2018 [Updated 2018 March 22]. Available from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/689281521218090562/Pesticides
  8. Hicks B. Agricultural pesticides and human health [Internet]. 2012 [Updated 2012]. Available from: https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/pesticides.html
  9. Abdi S, Sobhanardakani S. [Determination of benomyl and diazinon residues in strawberry and its related health implications (Persian)]. Razi J Med Sci. 2019; 25(11):42-51. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=468975
  10. Bhandari G, Atreya K, Scheepers PTJ, Geissen, V. Concentration and distribution of pesticide residues in soil: Non-dietary human health risk assessment. Chemosphere. 2020; 253:126594. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126594][PMID]
  11. Mekonen S, Argaw R, Simanesew A, Houbraken M, Senaeve D, Ambelu A, et al. Pesticide residues in drinking water and associated risk to consumers in Ethiopia. Chemosphere. 2016; 162:252-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.096][PMID]
  12. Sun J, Pan L, Zhan Y, Lu H, Tsang DCW, Liu W, et al. Contamination of phthalate esters, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta of China. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 544:670-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.012][PMID]
  13. Pan L, Sun J, Li Zh, Zhan Y, Xu Sh, Zhu L. Organophosphate pesticide in agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta of China: Concentration, distribution, and risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018; 25(1):4-11. [DOI:10.1007/s11356-016-7664-3][PMID]
  14. Wang F, Jiang X, Bian YR, Yao FX, Gao HJ, Yu GF, et al. Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China. J Environ Sci. 2007; 19(5):584-90. [DOI:10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60097-7]
  15. Dar MA, Kaushik G, Chiu JFV. Pollution status and biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides in the environment. In: Singh P, Kumar A, Borthakur A, editors. Abatement of Environmental Pollutants: Trends and Strategies. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2020. pp. 25-66. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-818095-2.00002-3]
  16. World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety. The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 2009 [Internet]. 2010 [Updated 2010]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44271
  17. Nicolopoulou-Stamati P, Maipas S, Kotampasi Ch, Stamatis P, Hens L. Chemical pesticides and human health: The urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Front Public Health. 2016; 4:148. [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148][PMID][PMCID]
  18. Kfir R, Overholt WA, Khan ZR, Polaszek A. Biology and management of economically important lepidopteran cereal stem borers in Africa. Annu Rev Entomol. 2002; 47:701-31. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145254][PMID]
  19. Kato-Nogachi H, Ino T, Sata N, Yamamura Sh. Isolation and identification of a potent allelopathic substance in rice root exudates. Physiol Plant. 2002; 115(3):401-5. [DOI:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150310.x][PMID]
  20. Khan M, Saljoqi AR, Latif A, Abdullah Kh. Evaluation of some rice varieties against rice stem borer (Tryporyza incertulas). Asian J Plant Sci. 2003; 2(6):498-500. [DOI:10.3923/ajps.2003.498.500]
  21. Ahmad S, Zia-ul-Haq M, Imran M, Iqbal S, Iqbal J, Ahmad M. Determination of residual contents of pesticides in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop from different regions of Pak Pak J Bot. 2008; 40(3):1253-7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282848491
  22. Yu XY, Ying GG, Kookana RS. Reduced plant uptake of pesticides with biochar additions to soil. Chemosphere. 2009; 76(5):665-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.001][PMID]
  23. Darko G, Akoto O. Dietary intake of organophosphorus pesticide residues through vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46(12):3703-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.049][PMID]
  24. Akoto O, Andoh H, Darko G, Eshun K, Osei-Fosu P. Health risk assessment of pesticides residue in maize and cowpea from Ejura, Ghana. Chemosphere. 2013; 92(1):67-73. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.057][PMID]
  25. Wang HS, Sthiannopkao S, Du J, Chen ZJ, Kim KW, Yasin MSM, et al Daily intake and human risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) based on Cambodian market basket data. J Hazard Mater. 2011; 192(3):1441-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.062][PMID]
  26. Qu Ch, Qi Sh, Yang D, Huang H, Zhang J, Chen W, et al. Risk assessment and influence factors of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils of the hill region: A case study from Ningde, southeast China. J Geochem Explor. 2015; 149:43-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.11.002]
  27. Arjmandi R, Tavakol M, Shayeghi M. Determination of organophosphorus insecticide residues in the rice paddies. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2010; 7(1):175-82. [DOI:10.1007/BF03326129]
  28. Shokrzadeh M, Ebadi AG, Moslemi M. Analysis of lindane residues in Sari and Neka cultivated rice of Iran. Int J Biol Biotechnol. 2015; 2(2):419-23. https://www.ijbbku.com/assets/custom/journals/2005/2/ANALYSIS%20OF%20LINDANE%20RESIDUES%20IN%20SARI%20AND%20NEKA%20CULTIVATED%20RICE%20OF%20IRAN.pdf
  29. Bhandari G, Zomer P, Atreya K, Mol HGJ, Yang X, Geissen V. Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks. Environ Res. 2019; 172:511-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.002][PMID]
  30. Chu Y, Tong Zh, Dong X, Sun MN, Gao TC, Duan JS, et al. Simultaneous determination of 98 pesticide residues in strawberries using UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Microchem J. 2020; 156:104975. [DOI:10.1016/j.microc.2020.104975]
  31. Tran TAM, Malarvannan G, Hoang TL, Nguyen VH, Covaci A, Elskens M. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment and fish in Cau Hai lagoon of Central Vietnam: Human health risk assessment. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019; 141:521-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.006][PMID]
  32. Dong W, Zhang Y, Quan X. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and pesticides: A case study in the main drinking water source in Dalian, China. Chemosphere. 2020; 242:125113. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125113][PMID]
  33. Fatunsin OT, Oyeyiola AO, Moshood MO, Akanbi LM, Fadahunsi DE. Dietary risk assessment of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues in commonly eaten food crops. Sci Afr. 2020; 8:e00442. [DOI:10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00442]
  34. Eissa F, Ghanem Kh, Al-Sisi M. Occurrence and human health risks of pesticides and antibiotics in Nile tilapia along the Rosetta Nile branch, Egypt. Toxicol Rep. 2020; 7:1640-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.03.004][PMID][PMCID]
  35. Liu Y, Li Sh, Ni Zh, Qu M, Zhong D, Ye C, et al. Pesticides in persimmons, jujubes and soil from China: Residue levels, risk assessment and relationship between fruits and soils. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 542(Pt A):620-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.148][PMID]
  36. Tsygankov VY, Lukyanova ON, Boyarova MD, Gumovskiy AN, Donets MM, Lyakh VA, et al. Organochlorine pesticides in commercial Pacific salmon in the Russian Far Eastern seas: Food safety and human health risk assessment. Mar Pollut Bull. 2019; 140:503-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.008][PMID]
  37. Galani YJH, Houbraken M, Wumbei A, Djeugap JF, Fotio D, Gong YY, et al. Monitoring and dietary risk assessment of 81 pesticide residues in 11 local agricultural products from the 3 largest cities of Cameroon. Food Control. 2020; 118:107416. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107416]
  38. Pardío V, Martínez D, Flores A, Romero D, Suárez V, López K, et al. Human health risk of dietary intake of organochlorine pesticide residues in bovine meat and tissues from Veracruz, México. Food Chem. 2012; 135(3):1873-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.079][PMID]
  39. Yohannes YB, Ikenaka Y, Saengtienchai A, Watanabe KP, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M. Concentrations and human health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in edible fish species from a Rift Valley lake-Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. Ecotoxicol Environ 2014; 106:95-101. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.014][PMID]

 

Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
Volume 9, Issue 2
Spring 2021
Pages 169-176