A study on corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water supply resources in rural areas of Sarvabad, West of Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

2 Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Kurdistan Rural Water and Wastewater Company, Sanandaj, Iran

3 Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran

4 Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran

5 Department of Environmental Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 210701, South Korea

Abstract

Corrosion is a physicochemical reaction occurring between the metal and its surroundings, which usually has an electrochemical nature and results in changes in the properties of the metal. The corrosive water dissolves the pipe’s material during flowing and this causes many problems. This study investigated the potential of corrosion and scaling of 46 water supply resources in the villages of Sarvabad, west of Iran during high-water (HW) and low-water (LW) periods. Parameters including pH, temperature, alkalinity, calcium hardness, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured and the Langelier, Rayznar, Aggressive, and Puchorius indices were calculated using the data collected. The zoning maps for the indices were prepared using ArcGIS (Ver. 9.3) software. The results showed that the mean value and standard deviation for the Langelier index were 0.23 and 0.28, respectively, while for the Rayznar index, they were 7.12 and 1.18, respectively. The values for the Aggressive index and Puchorius index were 11.6 and 1.84, and 7.03 and 1.45, respectively. The Langelier index in some water supplies showed a tendency to dissolve calcium carbonate, and meanwhile in some areas it tended to precipitate calcium carbonate. Moreover, based on the Rayznar index value, water potential for corrosion increases in steel pipes; based on the Aggressive index, the potential for corrosion is medium, whereas based on the Puchorius index, there is a potential for corrosion. A brief description about the zoning maps is also given.

Keywords


  1. Pirialam R, Shams Khorramabadi Gh, Shahmansouri M R, Farzadkiya M. Determination of corrosion and sedimentation potential in drinking water distribution system of Khorramabad City by corrosion indices and weight loss method. Quarterly Res. J Lorestan Uni Med Sci 2008;10(3): 79-86. [In Persian]
  2. Karegar M, Haibati B. Determining the potential of corrosion and sedimentation in drinking water distribution network of Gorgan and its effective parameters. The second National Conference on Water and Wastewater with Maintenance approach, Tehran 2008. [In Persian] 
  3. Mokhtari S A, Alighaderi M, Hazrati S, Sadeghi H, Gharari N, Ghorbani L. Evaluation of corrosion and precipitation potential in Ardabil drinking water distribution system by using Langelier & Ryznar indexes. J Health 2010;1(1):14-23. [In Persian]
  4. Geldriech E.  Microbial quality of water supply in distribution systems, Florida: CRC Press 1996.
  5. Ghanizadeh Gh, Ghaneian MT. Corrosion and precipitation potential of drinking water distribution systems in military centers. J Military Med 2009;11(3):155-60. [In Persian]
  6. Li X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Hu C, Yang M. Characterization ofthe bacterial communities and iron corrosion sedimentations in drinking groundwaterdistribution systems with chlorine/chloramine. Int Biodeter Biodeg 2014;96:71-9.
  7. Ghaneian MT, Ahrampooshm M H, Ghanizadeh  Gh, Amrollahi M. Survey of corrosion and precipitation potential in dual water distribution system in Kharanagh District of Yazd Province. Toloue Behdasht 2008;7(3):65-72. [In Persian]
  8.  McNeill L S, Edwards M.  Review of iron pipe corrosion in drinking water distribution systems. J AWWA 2001;93(7):88-100.
  9. Viessman W, Hammer M J, Perez E M, Chadik P A. Water Supply and Pollution Control. 8th Ed., Prentice 2. Hall Press, 2013..
  10. Shahmansouri M R, Pourmoghaddas H, Shams G. Leakage of trace metals by internal corrosion into drinking water distribution system. Proc. Diffuse Pollution Conference: Water Resource Management 2003, Dublin, Ireland.
  11. Świetlik J, Raczyk-Stanisławiak U, Piszora P, Nawrocki J. Corrosion in drinking water pipes: The importance of green rusts. Wat Res 2012;46(1):1-10.
  12. Loewenthal RE, Morrison I, Wentzel MC. Control of corrosion and aggression in drinking water, The 1st IWA Conference on: Sedimentation and corrosion in water and wastewater systems Cranfield University, U.K, 2003.
  13. Metcalf & Eddy, Tchobanogolus G, Stensel, HD, Tsuchilhashi R, Burton FL. Wastewater Treatment: Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed., McGraw-Hill; 2003.
  14. Shams El Din A M.  Three strategies for combating the corrosion of steel pipes carrying desalinated potable water. Desal 2009;238(1–3):166-73.
  15. Pishnamazi S A.  Role of water and corrosion control in industries through analyzing corrosion samples, Arkan Publisher; 2003. [In Persian]
  16. Agatemor C, Okolo P O.  Studies of corrosion tendency of drinking water in the distribution system at the University of Benin. The Environmentalist 2008;28(4);379-84.
  17. Alsaqqar AS, Khudair H B, Ali S K. Evaluating water stability indices from water treatment plants in Baghdad City. J Wat Res Protect 2014;6(14):1344-51.
  18. Li D, Li Z, Yu J W, Cao N, Liu R, Yang M. Characterization of bacterial community structure in a DWDS during an occurrence of red water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010;76(21):7171-80.
  19. Davoodi M, Skandari Torbaghan A, Barjasteh Askari F, Sarmadi M, Salimi J, Tahan D, et al.  The investigation of chemical quality and stability indices of drinking water in rural areas of Taybad City in 2015-16. J Health Chimes 2016;4(2):4-13.
  20. Motesaddi Zarandi S, Paseban A, Atamaleki A, Ahmadabadi M, Yanegh O A, Ghorbanpoor R, et al. Corrosion and Sedimentation Potential of Bojnurd drinking water. J North Khorasan University 2014;6(4):913-24. [In Persian]
  21. Malakootian M, Fatehizadeh A, Meydani E.  Investigating of corrosion potential and precipitation tendency of drinking water in the Kerman distribution system. The Journal of Toloo-e-behdasht 2013;11(3):1-10. [In Persian]
  22. Tomczak M. Spatial interpolation and its uncertainty using automated anisotropic inverse distance weighting (IDW)-cross-validation/jackknife approach. Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis 1998;2(2):18-30.
  23. Kaymaz I. Application of kriging method to structural reliability problems. Structural Safety 2005;27(2):133-51.
  24. Oliver MA, Webster R. Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information System 1990;4(3):313-32.
  25. General population and housing census, statistical center of Iran, 2011, available at: https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Population-and-Housing-Censuses  
  26. American Public Health Association, American Water WorkAssociation and Water Environment Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21 ed., New York, U.S.A.
  27. Langelier W F.  The Analytical Control of Anti-Corrosion Water Treatment. J Am Wat Works Assoc 1936;10(28);1500-21.
  28. Ryznar J W. A New Index for Determining Amount of Calcium Carbonate Sedimentation Formed by a Water. J Am Wat Works Assoc 1944;36(3):472-94.
  29. American Water Works Association (AWWA).  Standard for Asbestos-Cement Transmission Pipe for Water and Other Liquids. AWWA, 1977.
  30. World Health Organization (WHO). Desalination for safe water supply: Guidance for the health and environmental aspects applicable to desalination. Public Health and the Environment, Geneva.
  31. Industrial Research and Standard Institute of Iran, Physical and chemical quality of drinking water, Fifth ed., No. 1053, 2010, Tehran. Available at: http://www.isiri.org/std/1053.pdf/.
  32. Al-Rawajfeh A E, Al-Shamaileh E M.   Assessment of tap water resources quality and its potential of sedimentation formation and corrosivity in Tafila Province, South Jordan. Desal 2007;206:322-32.
  33. Asgari Gh, Rnavandi B, Tarlaniazar M, Nobandeqani A F, Berizie Z.  Survey of chemical quality and corrosion and sedimentation potential of drinking water distribution network of Bushehr City. J Iranian South Med 2015;18(2):353-61.
  34. Mahvi A H, Dindarlou K, Ali Jamali H A, Alipour V.  Corrosion and scaling in Bandar Abbas pipe water network. HJM 2010;14(4):335-40. [In Persian]
  35. Kalantari R R, Azari A, Ahmadi E, AhmadiJebeli M.  Quality evaluation and stability index determination of Qom rural drinking water resources. J Health Field 2013;1(3):9-16. [In Persian]
  36.  Chien C C, Kao C M, Chen C W, Dong C D, Chien H Y. Evaluation of biological stability and corrosion potential in drinking water distribution systems: a case study. Environ Monit Assess 2009;153:127–38.
  37. Setayesh F, Mazrouei A, Ebrahimi A, Vahiddastjierdi M.  Zoning of Isfahan Drinking Water Distribution Network Corrosion Potential in Summer and Autumn of 2011 Using Geographic Information System (GIS). J Wat Wastewat 2012;25(3):57-66. [In Persian]
  38. Mahvi A H, Islami A. A study on the quality of the water supply and drinking water distribution network in Zanjan City with reference to corrosion and sedimentation. J Environ Sci Technol 2006;8(1):90-5 [In Persian]. 
  39. Chung W, Yu M, Lee H.  Prediction of corrosion rates of water distribution pipelines according to aggressive corrosive water in Korea. J Wat Sci Technol 2004;49(2):19-26.