Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
2676-3478
2345-3990
6
3
2018
07
01
Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water in Sanandj, Iran
136
143
EN
Pegah
Bahmani
0000-0003-0911-5376
Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
pegah_bahmani@yahoo.com
Esmai
Ghahramani
0000-0003-4976-1233
Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
ghahramani64@gmail.com
10.22102/jaehr.2018.119447.1064
The present study aimed to determine the concentrations of several disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including <em>trihalomethanes</em> (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs), in the public and private swimming pools in Sanandaj, Iran (n=16). Correlations between DBP levels with water quality parameters (free chlorine, pH, total organic carbon, temperature, number of swimmers, and gender of swimmers) and various DBP categories were investigated and compared. According to the results, concentrations of THMs in public and private pools were lower than the recommended limit in Iran (200 µg/L). In addition, HAAs had the highest concentrations, followed by THMs and HANs, respectively. Among the HAAs, THMs, and HANs, trichloroacetic acid was the most dominant species, followed by chloroform and dichloroacetonitrile, respectively. DBP levels were not affected by the gender of swimmers, number of swimmers, pH, temperature, and free chlorine. However, total organic carbon showed a fairly good correlation with TTHM, THAA, and DBP levels (r=0.45-0.78; P<0.05). Some correlations were also observed between various DBP categories.
Disinfection Byproducts,Swimming Pool,Sanandaj,Iran
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_65572.html
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_65572_5fce4f4d23a8d42b0c3cdf35e21710f6.pdf
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
2676-3478
2345-3990
6
3
2018
07
01
Evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in Breast milk in Sanandaj, Iran
144
151
EN
Pegah
Bahmani
0000-0003-0911-5376
Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
pegah_bahmani@yahoo.com
Shahram
Sadeghi
0000-0002-6119-721X
Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
shahram.snna@yahoo.com
Esmail
Ghahramani
0000-0003-4976-1233
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
ghahramani64@gmail.com
Hiua
Daraei
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
hiua.daraei@gmail.com
10.22102/jaehr.2018.126394.1071
Although breastfeeding is the main nutrition source of infants, it could also be a source of exposure to toxic metals. The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in breast milk, investigate the effects of some sociodemographic parameters on these concentrations, and assess the correlations between these metals and infant growth. Breast milk samples (20-30 ml) were obtained from 100 women in the second month postpartum. Pb and Cd levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Mean concentration of Pb in the samples was 6.8 µg/l, and the concentration of Cd in the collected breast milk was lower than the limit of detection (0.1 µg/l). In 74% of the samples, Pb level was higher than the recommended limit by the World Health Organization (2-5 µg/l). In addition, mean weekly intake of Pb (6.65 µg/kg/week) and Cd (0.098 µg/kg/week) was lower than the tolerable weekly intake for infants. No correlations were observed between the Pb concentration in breast milk and the weight, length, and head circumference of infants at birth and after two months. According to the results, exposure to Pb exceeded the standard limit in the infants in the present study. Therefore, it is recommended that breast milk monitoring programs be conducted on larger sample sizes longitudinally.
Lead,Cadmium,Breast Milk,Infants,Sanandaj
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_65521.html
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_65521_d1e6e78ec6aa6a4353b567b977a7e6e5.pdf
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
2676-3478
2345-3990
6
3
2018
07
01
Prediction of H2S production rate in sewer systems using the Z model: a case study in Dehloran city, Iran
152
159
EN
Rouhollah
Shokri
0000-0003-2808-7307
Department of Environmental Engineering, Khouzestan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
shokrirohhollah@yahoo.com
Ehsan
Derikvand
0000-0001-7449-286X
Department of Water Science, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
ederikvand@yahoo.com
Abouzar
Souri
0000-0002-6926-0842
Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of health and medical education, Tehran, Iran
Amir Hossein
Mahvi
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Majid
Hashemi
0000-0003-3254-2296
Ph.D. of environmental Health Engineering, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
mhashemi120@gmail.com
10.22102/jaehr.2018.130842.1078
Modeling of H<sub>2</sub>S buildup in sewers is performed due to the health problems associated with the high concentration of H<sub>2</sub>S, destruction of non-resistant structures in corrosion processes, and high costs of repairing corroded concrete sewer pipes. This analytical study aimed to predict the risk of H<sub>2</sub>S production in the sewage collection network of Dehloran city, Iran using the Z model. In total, 11 main sewage lines with various diameters were selected for wastewater sampling. For each pipeline, two samples per month were collected and processed for the analysis of various parameters in order to determine the H<sub>2</sub>S production based on the Z value. Biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup> values in warm seasons were 117, 291, and 251 mg/l, while they were 101, 247, and 234 mg/l in cold seasons, respectively. In all the samples, the Z value was >13,000. In addition, the Z level was higher in warm seasons (Z value in guaranteed H<sub>2</sub>S production category) compared to cold seasons (Z value in a large possibility of H<sub>2</sub>S production category), which could be due to the high temperature and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in summer. A significant correlation was also observed between the Z value in different seasons and various diameters of the sewers. Considering the high risk of H<sub>2</sub>S production, it is recommended that proper scheming and planning be performed to eliminate this gas and prevent corrosion.
Sewage Collection Network,Hydrogen Sulfide,Z Model
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_65775.html
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_65775_0293544db91a44002a25f7496de8005d.pdf
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
2676-3478
2345-3990
6
3
2018
07
01
New magnetic/Biosilica/Sodium Alginate Composites for removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions: Kinetic and isotherm studies
160
172
EN
Mahdi
Hosseini
Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
hosene_m@yahoo.com
Ali
Esrafili
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
a_esrafily@yahoo.com
Mojtaba
Yegane badi
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
mybb123@yahoo.com
Mitra
Gholami
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
gholamimitra32@gmail.com
10.22102/jaehr.2018.126798.1073
Lead is one of the heavy metals that have harmful effects on the human health and environment. In this study, a new magnetic/biosilica/sodium alginate adsorbent (MBSA) made by the coprecipitation method was used to remove lead from aqueous solutions. It was an experimental study conducted at laboratory scale. The properties of MBSA were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), XRD, and FTIR analyses. The influences of various parameters such as contact time (0–80 min), pH (3–11), initial lead concentration (10–80 mg/L), temperature (298–318 ºK), and adsorbent dosage (0.5–4 g/L) on the sorption process were investigated. The equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models were used to evaluate the fitness of the experimental data. The results showed that lead removal using MBSA was obtained at an optimum pH of 11, contact time of 80 minutes, adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L, lead concentration of 10 mg/L (46.29 g/g), and temperature of 318 ºK. Investigating the isotherm and kinetic equations showed that the experimental data of the lead adsorption process correlate with the Langmuir model (R<sup>2 </sup>= 973) and intraparticle diffusion kinetic model, respectively. The values of the thermodynamic parameters (ΔΗ°, ΔG°, ΔS°) indicated that the sorption of Pb (II) ions on MBSA was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Due to the good removal efficiency, low cost of the process, and lack of production of harmful substances for the environment, this adsorbent can be used to remove lead from the industrial wastewater.
Adsorption,MBSA,Adsorbent,Aqueous solution,heavy metals
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_67059.html
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_67059_ee2739653e04a75755e02c89a44812a6.pdf
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
2676-3478
2345-3990
6
3
2018
07
01
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of Tungsten-doped ZnO nanoparticles as an environmentally friendly substance
173
178
EN
Yahya
Zandsalimi
Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Behzad
Shahmoradi
0000-0002-2120-4518
Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
bshahmorady@gmail.com
Saeed
Dehestani Athar
0000-0002-8236-3598
Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Afshin
Maleki
0000-0001-8261-8717
Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
maleki43@yahoo.com
10.22102/jaehr.2018.134412.1083
Hexagonal-structured zinc oxide (ZnO) is a semiconductor material with various industrial and cosmetic applications. Some of the main limitations of ZnO are aggregation, poor dispersibility, and wide energy gap, which limit its efficiency in some applications. The present study aimed to synthesize tungsten (W)-doped ZnO nanostructures using a hydrothermal method and characterize the particles to discover their application potency in various fields. To do so, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of tungsten oxide (WO) were incorporated into the structure of ZnO, and the properties of the particles were determined via SEM, XRD, FTIR, AFM, DLS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis. According to the obtained SEM images and XRD patterns, the prepared particles possessed hexagonal, non-aggregated structures. Furthermore, the UV-Vis spectra and AFM micrograms indicated that the doping of the ZnO nanostructures with tungsten caused a spectral shift in the absorbance of ZnO nanoparticles from the UV region to the visible light spectrum, increasing their relative roughness. According to DLS analysis, doping decreased the particle size of ZnO. In general, our findings demonstrated that the doping of ZnO nanostructures with tungsten could promote their efficiency and applicability in the treatment of environmental pollutants.
Nanoparticle,Hydrothermal Synthesis,Zinc oxide,Tungsten-Doped ZnO,Doping,Semiconductor
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_69298.html
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_69298_a76fc0c99b59fa52fb93aa646bd4a961.pdf
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
2676-3478
2345-3990
6
3
2018
07
01
Spatial distribution of groundwater quality around Hamedan municipal solid waste landfill, Iran
179
185
EN
Atefeh
Bahrami- Navid
Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of the Basic science, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
julia_trancia@yahoo.com
Mahdi
Reyahi Khoram
0000-0002-1675-8073
Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of the Basic science, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
phdmrk@gmail.com
Maryam
Kiani-Sadr
Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of the Basic science, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
mkianysadr@gmail.com
10.22102/jaehr.2018.125559.1069
Municipal solid waste management is an essential part of urban services, which is often managed by local governments. The present study aimed to investigate the spatial variation of the groundwater quality factors in Hamedan Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (HMSWL) site in Hamedan, Iran. In total, 20 wells were randomly selected for the collection of groundwater samples in the vicinity of the landfill. The quality of the well water samples was evaluated by measuring nitrate (NO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub>), phosphate (PO<sup>‑</sup><sub>4</sub>), chemical oxygen demand (COD), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD<sub>5</sub>), turbidity, pH, total dissolved solid, and fecal coliform. According to the results, the mean concentration of BOD<sub>5</sub> and COD in the collected samples was 6.25±11.72 and 7.90±11.50 mg/l, respectively. Maps of the distribution levels of pollution parameters around the landfill have been presented in figures. The issue of solid waste management in Hamedan city should be addressed through integrated management and improving the environment.
Solid wast,Pollution,Water
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_68498.html
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_68498_b77ba3064bb2fe4ccfe2b34b14d43915.pdf
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
2676-3478
2345-3990
6
3
2018
07
01
System assessment and analysis of dangers in water safety plan: a case study in a desert city in Iran in 2017
186
192
EN
Shahla
Shafiei
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
shafiei2017@gmail.com
Mohammad
Fahiminia
fahiminia.m@gmail.co
Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
fahiminia.m@gmail.com
Mohammad
Khazaei
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
khazaei57@gmail.com
Ahmad
Soltanzadeh
Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
soltanzadeh.ahmad@gmail.com
Abolfazl
Mohammadbeigi
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
beigi60@gmail.com
Vahid
Razmju
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
vahidrazmjoo65@gmail.com
Reza
Ansari
Quality Control Department, Water and Wastewater Company in Qom, Qom, Iran
qomansari@gmail.com
10.22102/jaehr.2018.132442.1079
Access to clean and safe drinking water has been the focus of officialsin charge of supplying water through many different methods. Water safety program is a new method for ensuring the safety of water by applying systematic prevention and risk analysis approach. The present study has been performed on a water supply system. Water Safety Plan contains 12 different steps which analyze topics such as system description, identifying dangers, risk analysis, etc. The checklist obtained by using the above steps will be applied as input information to a water safety program software named WSP-QATOOL. The risks identified and listed by experts in drinking water were scored using the world health organization data. Also, the results of data analysis are given in tables and graphs. The 12 different steps of analysis earned 212 points out of the total possible points of 440. Basins, water treatment, distribution network, and water outlet points earned 48.86 percent of these points and the reviewing step had 0.0 percent of the total points for coordination with water safety program. The questions related to the system description and identifying dangers and risk analysisstep with 100 percent point had the highest percentage in coordination with the program. System Analysis earned a score of 48.18 percent in general. In order to increase this score, the water safety program should be fully performed and a program should be developed to control the recognized risks with a specified amount to support it.
Water Safety Plan,Water Distribution Network,Risk Management,Drinking Water,Assessment
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_68501.html
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_68501_7cd7203831ca9d9e37c9124f0330787b.pdf
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research
2676-3478
2345-3990
6
3
2018
07
01
Hydrochemical assessment of groundwater using statistical methods and ionic ratios in Aliguodarz, Lorestan, west of Iran
193
201
EN
Artimes
Ghassemi Dehnavi
0000-0002-7057-7054
Department of Geology, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
ghassemi_artimes@yahoo.com
10.22102/jaehr.2018.137767.1091
Hydrochemistry of groundwater is considered as an appropriate guide to recognize the occurred reactions in aquifers and water sources. In the present study, composite diagrams, saturation indices (SI), and statistic parameters were used as a tool to interpret groundwater chemistry (SI<sub>Calcite</sub> 0.16 to 1.19; SI<sub>Dolomite</sub> 0.10 to 1.0, SI<sub>Gypsum</sub> -2.35 to -1.74; SI<sub>Halite</sub> -8.86 to -7.5; SI<sub>Aragonite</sub> 0.02 to 1.04; SI<sub>Anhydrite</sub> -2.57 to -1.96 ). According to composite diagrams, factors like dissolution, weathering of silicates and carbonate formations were determined as the most effective ones on chemical compounds of the groundwater in the area. Moreover, calculation of the saturation indices for the samples revealed that ions like calcite, dolomite, and aragonite were in the super-saturated mood while inertia, gypsum, and halite were in the under-saturated mood. The total density of soluble ions (TDI) versus the density of anions showed that as the TDI density increased the density of bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium linearly. However, potassium remained unchanged. Statistic parameters in the Pearson correlation proved that the electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) had the highest correlation. Moreover, there was a high correlation between the EC, TDS, and total hardness with HCO<sub>3</sub>. The first, second and third components with more than 70% variability justified statistic population in the principal component analysis method, revealing that the first factor was determined as the most effective factor on the groundwater of the region. This factor included a set of dissolution, sedimentation and ionic exchange.
Hydrochemistry,Saturation Indices,Ionic Ratios,TDI,Principal component analysis
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_69645.html
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_69645_3ba3b94dc01859a520812f5a4be5cef2.pdf