ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Daily visual display terminal use and musculoskeletal disorders among Iranian bank tellers
Visual display terminals (VDTs) as one of the most important and useful equipment are used in offices and workplaces that may be created some health hazards, including work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The aims of this study were to (i) investigate the prevalence of WMSDs among Iranian bank tellers and (ii) to examine the demographic and work-related characteristics associated with that prevalence rate. In this cross-sectional study, 382 bank tellers who regularly working at VDTs stations were interviewed. The demographic, work characteristics and MSDs data were collected using specific questionnaire and standardized Nordic self-reporting Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Hence, data analyses were carried out using IBM SPSS for Windows 20.0. As a result, 70.2% of participants reported the musculoskeletal problems within 12 past months in at least one of the body regions. The most prevalence was reported in the neck (37.4%) and low back (36.6%) regions, and the elbows (8.3%), and thighs (12.3%) were regions that reported with the least prevalence rate. Mean duration of daily VDT (DVDT) work in 268 subjects with musculoskeletal symptoms was 6.2 h (SD = ±2.2) and in other 114 subjects without symptoms, it was 5.5 h (SD = ±2.3). There was a positive significant relationship between DVDT work hours with reported musculoskeletal problems (P = 0.005). In conclusion, WMSDs in bank tellers happened in high rate (70.2%) and the most complain reported in neck and low back regions. The most consistently identified risk factor was a duration of DVDT use and inadequate break times.
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40136_c3569219cad44b14aadaf6ae5743ef42.pdf
2014-01-01
1
6
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40136
Daily Visual Display Terminal
Musculoskeletal disorders
Occupational health
Bank Tellers
Omid
Giahi
omidgi71@yahoo.com
1
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Jamshid
Khoubi
jamshidkhoubi@muk.ac.ir
2
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdullah
Barkhordari
3
Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Darvishi
darvishi.hse@gmail.com
4
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrzad
Ebrahemzadih
5
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Yoshioka E, Saijo Y, Fukui T, Kawaharada M, Kishi R. Association between duration of daily visual display terminal work and insomnia among local government clerks in Japan. Am J Ind Med 2008; 51(2): 148-56.
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2. Singh S, Wadhwa J. Impact of computer workstation design on health of the users. J Hum Ecol 2006; 20(3):165- 70.
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5. Yun MH, Lee YG, Eoh HJ, Lim SH. Results of a survey on the awareness and severity assessment of upper-limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders among female bank tellers in Korea. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 2001; 27(5): 347-57.
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6. Jensen C, Finsen L, Sogaard K, Christensen H. Musculoskeletal symptoms and duration of computer and mouse use. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 2002; 30(4-5): 265-75.
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18. Klussmann A, Gebhardt H, Liebers F, Rieger MA. Musculoskeletal symptoms of the upper extremities and the neck: a cross-sectional study on prevalence and symptom-predicting factors at visual display terminal (VDT) workstations. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008; 9: 96.
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19. Waersted M, Hanvold TN, Veiersted KB. Computer work and musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper extremity: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11: 79.
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21. Choobineh A, Lahmi M, Shahnavaz H, Jazani RK, Hosseini M. Musculoskeletal symptoms as related to ergonomic factors in Iranian hand-woven carpet industry and general guidelines for workstation design. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2004; 10(2): 157-68.
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22. Fogleman M, Lewis RJ. Factors associated with self-reported musculoskeletal discomfort in video display terminal (VDT) users. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 2002; 29(6): 311-8.
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23. Devereux JJ, Vlachonikolis IG, Buckle PW. Epidemiological study to investigate potential interaction between physical and psychosocial factors at work that may increase the risk of symptoms of musculoskeletal disorder of the neck and upper limb. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59(4): 269-77.
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25. Aydeniz A, Gürsoy S. Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders among computer users. Turk J Med Sci 2008; 38(3): 235-8.
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26. Turhan N, Akat C, Akyuz M, Cakci A. Ergonomic risk factors for cumulative trauma disorders in VDU operators. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2008; 14(4): 417-22.
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27. Leino P, Magni G. Depressive and distress symptoms as predictors of low back pain, neck-shoulder pain, and other musculoskeletal morbidity: a 10-year follow-up of metal industry employees. Pain 1993; 53(1): 89-94.
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28. Janwantanakul P, Pensri P, Jiamjarasrangsi W, Sinsongsook T. Associations between prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms of the spine and biopsychosocial factors among office workers. J Occup Health 2009; 51(2): 114-22.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Kinetic studies on bioadsorption of arsenate from aqueous solutions using chitosan
Arsenic, one of the most toxic and dangerous elements in the environment affecting millions of people around the world, is associated with several diseases. In this pilot study, we investigated removal of arsenate from aqueous solutions using chitosan under the influences of initial arsenic ion concentrations, pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosages of chitosan. In order to assess the sorption mechanism and the potential rate of controlling steps, the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models and the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used. The obtained results showed that the removal of As (V) by chitosan was found to be pH dependent, with optimum sorption occurring at pH = 4. The kinetics of arsenate adsorption on chitosan is well described by the pseudo-second order model. Furthermore, As (V) sorption isotherm was developed at optimal conditions and sorption equilibrium data were fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model.
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40138_fc5e693f7eba100f60292586967aaf73.pdf
2014-01-01
7
12
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40138
Adsorption
As (V)
Chitosan
Kinetic Models
Nematollah
Jaafarzadeh
1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering AND Environmental Technology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Nezamaddin
Mengelizadeh
nezam_m2008@yahoo.com
2
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Afshin
Takdastan
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrnush
Haji-Amadi
4
Department of Philosophy, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Chen CL, Chiou HY, Hsu LI, Hsueh YM, Wu MM, Chen CJ. Ingested arsenic, characteristics of well water consumption and risk of different histological types of lung cancer in northeastern Taiwan. Environ Res 2010; 110(5): 455-62.
1
Menhage-Bena R, Kazemian H, Ghazi-Khansari M, Hosseini M, Shahtaheri SJ. Evaluation of Some Natural Zeolites and Their Relevant Synthetic Types as Sorbents for Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water. Iranian J Publ Health 2004; 33(1): 36-44.
2
Lievremont D, Bertin PN, Lett MC. Arsenic in contaminated waters: biogeochemical cycle, microbial metabolism and biotreatment processes. Biochimie 2009; 91(10): 1229-37.
3
Manju GN, Raji C, Anirudhan TS. Evaluation of coconut husk carbon for the removal of arsenic from water. Water Research 1998; 32(10): 3062-70.
4
Smedley PL, Kinniburgh DG. A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry 2002; 17(5): 517-68.
5
Valencia-Trejo E, Villicana-Mendez M, Alfaro-Cuevas-Villanueva R, Garnica-Romo MG, Cortes-Martinez R. Effect of temperature on the removal of arsenate from aqueous solutions by titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation 2010; 5(2): 171-84.
6
Biterna M, Arditsoglou A, Tsikouras E, Voutsa D. Arsenate removal by zero valent iron: batch and column tests. J Hazard Mater 2007; 149(3): 548-52.
7
Mohan D, Pittman CU, Jr. Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents--A critical review. J Hazard Mater 2007; 142(1-2): 1-53.
8
Gerente C, Andres Y, McKay G, Le Cloirec P. Removal of arsenic(V) onto chitosan: From sorption mechanism explanation to dynamic water treatment process. Chemical Engineering Journal 2010; 158(3): 593-8.
9
Renault F, Sancey B, Badot PM, Crini G. Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes. An eco-friendly approach. European Polymer Journal 2009; 45(5): 1337-48.
10
Juang RS, Shao HJ. A simplified equilibrium model for sorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions on chitosan. Water Res 2002; 36(12): 2999-3008.
11
Varma AJ, Deshpande SV, Kennedy JF. Metal complexation by chitosan and its derivatives: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2004; 55(1): 77-93.
12
Guibal E, Roussy J. Coagulation and flocculation of dye-containing solutions using a biopolymer (Chitosan). Reactive and Functional Polymers 2007; 67(1): 33-42.
13
Dutta PK, Dutta J, Tripathi VS. Chitin and chitosan: Chemistry, properties and applications. JSIR 2004; 63(1): 20-31.
14
Assaad E, Azzouz A, Nistor D, Ursu AV, Sajin T, Miron DN, et al. Metal removal through synergic coagulation-flocculation using an optimized chitosan-montmorillonite system. Applied Clay Science 2004; 37(3-4): 258-74.
15
Shetty AR. Metal anion removal from wastewater using Chitosan in a polymer enhanced diafiltration system [PhD Thesis]. Massachusetts, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2006.
16
Amiri H, Jaafarzadeh N, Ahmadi M, Silva Martinez S. Application of LECA modified with Fenton in arsenite and arsenate removal as an adsorbent. Desalination 2011; 272: 212-7.
17
Jeon CH. Removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions by waste crab shells. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 2011; 28(3): 813-6.
18
Nageswara Rao L, Prabhakar G. Equilibrium and kinetic studies for biosorption system of chromiumions from aqueous solution using Ficus benghalensis L. powder. J Chem Pharm Res 2011; 3(6): 37-87.
19
Nomanbhay SM, Palanisamy K. Removal of heavy metal from industrial wastewater using chitosan coated oil palm shell charcoal. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 2005; 8(1): 43-53.
20
Gang DD, Deng B, Lin L. As(III) removal using an iron-impregnated chitosan sorbent. J Hazard Mater 2010; 182(1-3): 156-61.
21
Thirunavukkarasu OS, Viraraghavan T, Subramanian KS. Arsenic removal from drinking water using granular ferric hydroxide. Water SA 2003; 29(2): 161-70.
22
Ranjan D, Talat M, Hasan SH. Biosorption of arsenic from aqueous solution using agricultural residue 'rice polish'. J Hazard Mater 2009; 166(2-3): 1050-9.
23
Guo H, Stuben D, Berner Z. Adsorption of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) from groundwater using natural siderite as the adsorbent. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 315(1): 47-53.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimation of gas emission released from a municipal solid waste landfill site through a modeling approach: A case study, Sanandaj, Iran
Sanitary landfill is the common strategy for municipal solid waste management in developing countries. Anaerobic decomposition of disposed wastes in landfill under favorable conditions will lead to the landfill gas (LFG) emissions, considering as emerging air pollutants. The emission of greenhouse gases, including methane, resulting from municipal solid waste disposal and treatment processes are considered as the major source of anthropogenic global emissions. Assessment and prediction of the emission rate are important for planning, proper application of methane as an energy source and determining the contribution of various greenhouse gas emissions to global warming. The purpose of this study was to estimate the amount of gas emissions from Sanandaj sanitary landfill. The data about the quantity and quality of the landfill and waste production were collected based on existing standard methods. Using LandGEM software the landfill emissions were estimated with considering the 50% content of methane, the methane production rate constant of 0.045/year and gas production potential constant of 200 m3/ton. The results of this study showed that the maximum mass of emitted gas is at the next year after the site closure (2021). It was estimated that total mass of LFG, methane, carbon dioxide and non-methane organic compounds were 23,150, 6184, 16,970, and 266 tons/year, respectively. Effective management in controlling LFGs not only results in air pollution reduction, green energy application for sustainable development, but also can use the financial benefits of the clean development mechanism to Kyoto protocol achievement for developing countries.
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40139_c5e8161f220ba5acdc1b8e000b9e1327.pdf
2014-01-01
13
21
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40139
Municipal solid waste
Landfill Gases
Methane
LandGEM
Reza
Rezaee
rezaee.eng@gmail.com
1
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj
AUTHOR
Simin
Nasseri
2
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health
AUTHOR
Amir Hossein
Mahvi
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health AND Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research AND National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Jafari
jafari_a99@yahoo.com
4
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
Sajad
Mazloomi
sajad.mazloomi@yahoo.com
5
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abdola
Gavami
6
Managing Director, Recycling Organization, Municipality of Sanandaj, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Kamyar
Yaghmaeian
k_yaghmaeian@yahoo.com
7
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tian H, Gao J, Hao J, Lu L, Zhu C, Qiu P. Atmospheric pollution problems and control proposals associated with solid waste management in China: a review. J Hazard Mater 2013; 252-253: 142-54.
1
Kreith F, Tchobanoglous G. Handbook of solid waste management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2002.
2
Chalvatzaki E, Lazaridis M. Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from landfills: application to the Akrotiri landfill site (Chania, Greece). Global NEST Journal 2010; 12(1): 108-16.
3
Georgaki I, Soupios P, Sakkas N, Ververidis F, Trantas E, Vallianatos F, et al. Evaluating the use of electrical
4
resistivity imaging technique for improving CH4 and CO2 emission rate estimations in landfills. Science of The Total Environment 2008; 389(2-3): 522-31.
5
Aydi A. Energy recovery from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill gas: A tunisian case study. Hydrol Current Res 2012; 3(4): 1-3.
6
Saral A, Demir S, Yildiz S. Assessment of odorous VOCs released from a main MSW landfill site in Istanbul-Turkey via a modelling approach. J Hazard Mater 2009; 168(1): 338-45.
7
Kamalan H, Sabour M, Shariatmadari N. A review on available landfill gas models. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2011; 4(2): 79-92.
8
Nolasco D, Lima RN, Hernandez PA, Perez NM. Non-controlled biogenic emissions to the atmosphere from Lazareto landfill, Tenerife, Canary Islands. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2008; 15(1): 51-60.
9
Chiemchaisri C, Visvanathan C. Greenhouse gas emission potential of the municipal solid waste disposal sites in Thailand. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2008; 58(5): 629-35.
10
Di BG, Di TD, Viviani G. Evaluation of methane emissions from Palermo municipal landfill: Comparison between field measurements and models. Waste Manag 2011; 31(8): 1820-6.
11
Scharff H, Jacobs J. Applying guidance for methane emission estimation for landfills. Waste Manag 2006; 26(4): 417-29.
12
Garg A. Models to support methane recovery from landfills. Canada, CA: University of Calgary; 2007.
13
Alexander A, Burklin C, Singleton A. Landfill gas emissions model (LandGEM) version 3.02 user's guide [Online]. [cited 2005 May]; Available from: URL: http://www.epa.gov/ttncatc1/dir1/landgem-v302-guide.pdf
14
Conestoga-Rovers & Associates. Handbook for the preparation of landfill gas to energy projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2004.
15
Tchobanoglous G, Theisen H, Vigil S. Integrated solid waste management: Engineering principles and management issues. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1993.
16
Iran second national communication to UNFCCC [Online]. [cited 2010 Dec]; Available from: URL: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/iranc2.pdf
17
Sekhavatjou MS, ehdipour A, Takdastan A, Hosseini Alhashemi A. CH4 and total GHGs emission from urban landfills in southwest Iran. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences 2012; 9(1): 217-23.
18
Mahvi AH, Roodbari AA, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Nasseri S, Dehghani MH, Alimohammadi M. Improvement of landfill leachate biodegradability with ultrasonic process. Journal of Chemistry 2012; 29(2): 766-71.
19
Roodbari A, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Mahvi AH, Nasseri S, Dehghani H, Alimohammadi M. Use of a sonocatalytic process to improve the biodegradability of landfill leachate. Braz J Chem Eng 2012; 29(2): 221-30.
20
Jha AK, Sharma C, Singh N, Ramesh R, Purvaja R, Gupta PK. Greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste management in Indian mega-cities: a case study of Chennai landfill sites. Chemosphere 2008; 71(4): 750-8.
21
Capoor K, Ambrosi P. State and trends of the carbon market. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2011.
22
Czepiel PM, Shorter JH, Mosher B, Allwine E, McManus JB, Harriss RC, et al. The influence of atmospheric pressure on landfill methane emissions. Waste Manag 2003; 23(7): 593-8.
23
Kumar S, Gaikwad SA, Shekdar AV, Kshirsagar PS, Singh RN. Estimation method for national methane emission from solid waste landfills. Atmospheric Environment 2004; 38(21): 3481-7.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of chemical quality of drinking water in rural area of Qorveh city, Kurdistan province, Iran
Groundwater aquifers as one of the main sources of water supplies are faced with different risks such as level dropping due to lack of precipitation, and natural and non-natural pollutants. Thus, it is extremely necessary to monitor ground water quality. In the present study, the concentration of cations, anions, and some toxic metals was evaluated in 21 rural water supplies in Qorveh plain in two stages. Data were analyzed with Rockwork and Arc GIS software. Results from Hydro chemical analysis showed that all the studied parameters had lower concentrations than the permitted limits, except for arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) in some of water resources. As concentration in 20% of studied resources were higher than recommended standards. There was a significant difference between nitrate (NO3−) concentrations in the two low- and high-water seasons (P < 0.01). Bicarbonate (HCO3−) and calcium (Ca2+) were the prevalent anion and cation, respectively, meaning that samples type was calcium-bicarbonate. Wilcox diagram classified the samples in C2-S1 and C3-S1 classes. Correlation coefficient between chemical parameters showed that HCO3− and Ca2+ had the highest correlation. Finally, it can be said that except for As and Se, other water characteristics have a good quality for drinking water application. However, current and uncontrolled application of the studied water supplies, especially in agricultural activities, can change and decrease their quality. Therefore, it is important to prevent the health threats of such process.
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40140_92844156ce6796bbb2bd82cae024d5ea.pdf
2014-01-01
22
29
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40140
Water Quality Monitoring
Water Resource
Drinking Water
heavy metals
Water Quality Standard
Afshin
Maleki
maleki43@yahoo.com
1
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Pari
Teymouri
pari.teymouri@yahoo.com
2
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Rahman
Rahimi
3
Kurdistan Rural Water and Wastewater Company, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Mokhtar
Rostami
4
Kurdistan Rural Water and Wastewater Company, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Amini
heresh.amini@gmail.com
5
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Hiua
Daraei
hiua.daraei@gmail.com
6
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Pegah
Bahmani
pegah_bahmani@yahoo.com
7
Kurdistan Rural Water and Wastewater Company, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Shiva
Zandi
8
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Sheikh Goodarzi M, Mousavi SH, Khorasani N. Imulating spatial changes in groundwater qualitative. factors using geostatistical methods. (Case Study: Tehran - Karaj Plain). Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources 2012; 65(1): 83-93.
1
Zehtabian GH, Janfaza E, Mohammad Asgari H, Nematollahi MJ. Modeling of ground water spatial distribution for some chemical properties (Case study in Garmsar watershed). Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research 2010; 17(1): 61-73. [In Persian]
2
Glynn PD, Plummer LN. Geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems. Hydrogeology Journal 2005; 13(1): 263-87.
3
Mohammadi M, Mohammadi Ghaleney M, Ebrahimi K. Spatial and temporal variations of groundwater Quality of Qazvin plain. Quality of Qazvin plain 2011; 5(8): 41-52. [In Persian]
4
Mesdaghinia AR, Mosaferi M, Yunesian M, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH. Measurement of arsenic concentration in drinking water of a polluted area using a field and SDDC methods accompanied by assessment of precision and accuracy of each method. Hakim 2005; 8(1): 43-51. [In Persian].
5
Mosaferi M, Taghipour H, Hassani A, Borghei M, Kamali Z, Ghadirzadeh A. Study of arsenic presence in drinking water sources: a case study. Iran J Health Environ 2008; 1(1): 19-28. [In Persian].
6
Sharma AK, Tjell JC, Sloth JJ, Holm PE. Review of arsenic contamination, exposure through water and food and low cost mitigation options for rural areas. Applied Geochemistry 2014; 41: 11-33.
7
Mozafarian K, Madaeni SS, Khoshnodie M. Evaluating the Performance of Reverse Osmosis in Arsenic Removal from Water. Water and Wastewater 2006; 60: 22-8. [In Persian].
8
Bundschuh J, Litter MI, Parvez F, Roman-Ross G, Nicolli HB, Jean JS, et al. One century of arsenic exposure in Latin America: a review of history and occurrence from 14 countries. Sci Total Environ 2012; 429: 2-35.
9
Barati AH, Maleki A, Alasvand M. Multi-trace elements level in drinking water and the prevalence of multi-chronic arsenical poisoning in residents in the west area of Iran. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408(7): 1523-9.
10
Eaton AD, Franson MAH. Standard methods for the examination of water & wastewater. Washington DC: American Public Health Association; 2005.
11
Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Drinking water-physical and chemical specifications. 5th ed. Tehran, Iran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; 2010. p. 1-18. [In Persian].
12
Miranzadeh M, Mostafaii G, Jalali A. An study to determine the nitrate of water wells and distribution network in Kashan during 2005-2004. Feyz 2006; 10(2): 39-45. [In Persian].
13
Office of Drinking Water. Estimated national occurrence and exposure to nitrate and nitrite in public drinking water supplies. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 1987.
14
Batheja K, Sinha AK, Seth G. Nitrate and fluoride contamination in groundwater of Churu Block, Rajasthan. J Indian Water Work Assoc 2008; 40: 45-9.
15
Jalali M, Kolahchi Z. Nitrate concentration in groundwater of Bahar area, Hamadan. J Water Soil Sci 2005; 19(2): 194-202.
16
Mondal NC, Saxena VK, Singh VS. Occurrence of elevated nitrate in groundwaters of Krishna delta, India. African Journal of Environmental science and technology 2008; 2(9): 265-71.
17
Jahangiri SH, Souri B, Badakhshan H. Relationships of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Calcareous Soils of Qorveh Watershed with Soil Arsenic. Iranian Journal of Soil Research 2011; 25(4): 337-48. [In Persian].
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Spatial epidemiology and pattern analysis of childhood cancers in Tehran, Iran
Identification of cancer clusters may have an important value to the study of disease etiology in cancer surveillance. We aimed to determine the spatial pattern of childhood cancer cases (CCCs) from 2007 to 2009 in Tehran, Iran. Records of 176 childhood cancer counts (children younger than 15 years old) for 2007-2009 were obtained from Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Thereafter, they were successfully geo-coded within a geographic information system based on their residence phone number or postal code. We used two distinct techniques, namely average nearest neighbor index (ANNI) and Quadrat analyses, to measure the spatial pattern of CCCs in Tehran. The count of childhood cancers for 2007-2009 in Tehran was 117.3 per 1,000,000 children. The ANNI analysis suggested that there was a clustered pattern for the CCCs in 2007-2009. There was less than 1% likelihood that this pattern could be the result of random chance (nearest neighbor ratio = 0.73; Z-score = –6.8 standard deviations; P < 0.01). In the Quadrat analysis, the largest absolute difference between the observed and expected cumulative proportions in the frequency table was 0.2778 while the critical value of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was 0.1649. Therefore, the Quadrat analysis confirmed that the CCCs had clustered pattern in 2007-2009 in Tehran. Both used methods suggested that childhood cancers in Tehran had clustered pattern in 2007 and 2009. We believe further research is needed to study the etiological factors, especially environmental factors, which made this cluster.
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40141_2bb1fd345226bdbf2619f2c4348c600b.pdf
2014-01-01
30
37
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40141
Childhood cancers
Cluster analysis
Geographic information system
Iran
Medical Geography
spatial epidemiology
Tehran
Hassan
Amini
yunesian@tums.ac.ir
1
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Morteza
Seifi
2
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Sadegh
Niazi-Esfyani
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Masud
Yunesian
4
Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessing landfill leachate heavy metal effect on the surface water quality: A case of Gheshlagh River, Sanandaj City, Iran
Pollution resulted from the leachate of the Sanandaj City landfill into Gheshlagh River is an important environmental and health issue, which has endangered the river. Having a population of more than 400,000 and four municipality districts, the solid waste generation rate is approximately more than 300 tons/day in Sanandaj City. The wastes generated are disposed of at the Sanandaj City landfill with an area of approximately 35 hectares located on the off-road at the Sanandaj-Kamyaran highway. The leachate formed is discharged into the Gheshlagh River through seasonal Kilak River during the succulence (winter and spring) seasons due to the un-sanitary conditions of the landfill. In this study, we investigated the effects of the heavy metals (mercury [Hg], lead [Pb], zinc [Zn], and copper [Cu]) existing in the leachate on the Gheshlagh River and its autopurification capacity. For this purpose, we selected five stations and performed random sampling during two above-mentioned seasons and analyzed the samples. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and t-test. In general, our results showed that the concentration of the measured elements was more at the leachate confluence station compared with the control station. The mean concentration of the heavy metals in different sampling times and stations was observed in the order of Cu > Zn > Pb > Hg. However, the autopurification of the river resulted in statistical insignificancy of the data, except for Hg.
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40142_f50b94d1165799c6261bbd033096a79f.pdf
2014-01-01
38
43
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40142
leachate
Chemical Quality
Contamination
Gheshlagh River
heavy metals
Shahab
Mohammadi
1
Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Masomeh
Heidari
2
Department of Environment, School of Technology, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Behzad
Shahmoradi
bshahmorady@gmail.com
3
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gilas
Hosseini
hossinegilas@yahoo.com
4
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Yang L, Chen Z, Liu T, Jiang J, Li B, Cao Y, et al. Ecological effects of cow manure compost on soils contaminated by landfill leachate. Ecological Indicators 2013; 32(0): 14-8.
1
Xiaoli C, Yongxia H, Guixiang L, Xin Z, Youcai Z. Spectroscopic studies of the effect of aerobic conditions on the chemical characteristics of humic acid in landfill leachate and its implication for the environment. Chemosphere 2013; 91(7): 1058-63.
2
Mangimbulude JC, van Breukelen BM, Krave AS, van Straalen NM, Roling WF. Seasonal dynamics in leachate hydrochemistry and natural attenuation in surface run-off water from a tropical landfill. Waste Manag 2009; 29(2): 829-38.
3
Lopes DD, Silva SM, Fernandes F, Teixeira RS, Celligoi A, Dall'Antonia LH. Geophysical technique and groundwater monitoring to detect leachate contamination in the surrounding area of a landfill--Londrina (PR--Brazil). J Environ Manage 2012; 113: 481-7.
4
Modin H, Persson KM, Andersson A, van PM. Removal of metals from landfill leachate by sorption to activated carbon, bone meal and iron fines. J Hazard Mater 2011; 189(3): 749-54.
5
Richards RG, Mullins BJ. Using microalgae for combined lipid production and heavy metal removal from leachate. Ecological Modelling 2013; 249(0): 59-67.
6
Wu J, Zhang H, He PJ, Shao LM. Insight into the heavy metal binding potential of dissolved organic matter in MSW leachate using EEM quenching combined with PARAFAC analysis. Water Res 2011; 45(4): 1711-9.
7
Jensen DL, Ledin A, Christensen TH. Speciation of heavy metals in landfill-leachate polluted groundwater. Water Research 1999; 33(11): 2642-50.
8
Mahananda MR, Mohanty BP, Behera NR. Physico-chemical analysis of surface and ground water of bargarh district, Orissa, India. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences 2010; 2(3): 284-95.
9
Maqbool F, Bhatti ZA, Malik AH, Pervez A, Mahmood Q. Effect of Landfill Leachate on the Stream water Quality. Int J Environ Res 2011; 5(2): 491-500.
10
Kamarudzaman AN, Aziz RA, Jalil FA. Removal of heavy metals from landfill leachate using horizontal and vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with limnocharis flava. International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering 2011; 11(5): 85-91.
11
Magombeyi MS, Nyengera R. The impact of municipal landfill on surface and ground water quality in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Journal of Environmental Science and Water Resources 2012; 1(10): 251-8.
12
James SC. Metals in municipal landfill leachate and their health effects. Am J Public Health 1977; 67(5): 429-32.
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14
Kar D, Sur P, Mandal SK, Saha T, Kole RK. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface water. International Journal of Enviornmental Science and Technology 2008; 5(1): 119-24.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Removal of parachlorophenol from the aquatic environment by recycled used tires as an adsorbent: Characterization, adsorption, and equilibrium studies
Parachlorophenol has an extended usage in refineries, petrochemical industries, insecticide, and herbicide manufacturing industries. Tire a solid waste, which is disposed in large amounts each year, a large number of them in landfills can cause irreparable environmental impacts. Consequently lots of efforts were done to produce activated carbon from used tires. Activated carbon was made in laboratory conditions by using pyrolysis furnace. Scanning electron microscopy was used for determining structural characteristics of the activated carbon produced from recycled used tires and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller isotherm was used to find out its special surface. The structure of produced activated carbon in this study has a special surface of 111.702 m2/g. The internal diameter of holes was 1.54 nm, and the total volume of them was 0.124 ml/g. The removal efficiency was reduced from 88.59% to 69.25% by changing the pH from 3 to 9. In addition, the efficiency was reduced from 88.59% to 75.95% when the primary concentration of parachlorophenol increased from 10 to 60 mg/L. On the other hand, changing the temperature from 10° C to 30 °C increased it from 65.86% to 74.53%. Moreover, contact time had direct impacts on the removal efficiency. The results conform Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9958). The efficiency of parachlorophenol removal would be decreased by increasing pH and concentration of the pollutant, and would be increased by adding temperature and contact time. As a conclusion, since the recycled tires are cheap, the produced activated carbon from them can be used as an effective and low-cost method for parachlorophenol removal from aqueous solutions.
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40143_06bf122882ee62cf137697872624a42d.pdf
2014-01-01
44
53
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40143
Activated carbon
Isotherm
Parachlorophenol
Recycling
Used Tires
Akbar
Eslami
akbar_eslami@yahoo.com
1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Aghayani
ehssanaghayani@gmail.com
2
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholamhosein
Joshani
hoseinjoshani@yahoo.com
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nadereh
Hezarkhani
hezarkhani.nadi@gmail.com
4
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Momayyezi
hassanmomayyezi@gmail.com
5
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Babak
Djahed
ehssanaghayani@yahoo.com
6
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Atiye
Haddadnejad
atieh_daria@yahoo.com
7
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Al-Momani F. Combination of Photo-oxidation Processes with Biological Treatment. Barcelona, Spain: University of Barcelona; 2003.
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39
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40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Health impact assessment of particulate matter in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
Air pollution is a major environmental issue in all regions of the world. We aimed to assess the health impacts of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 10 µm (PM10) in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. The air pollution data were obtained from Sanandaj Department of Environment Protection. The annual mortality and morbidity, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributable to PM10 exposure were estimated using AirQ model, which is the proposed method for health impact assessment of air pollution by World Health Organization. The annual, winter, and summer averages of PM10 in 2013 were 81.5, 64.7, and 98.3 μg/m3, respectively. The total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases, and hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases, respectively, were estimated 228, 120, 23, 118, and 305 cases. Approximately 11.7% of total mortality was associated with concentrations more than 20 μg/m3. This study was the first attempt to assess the health impacts of air pollution in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran. In summary, we found increased mortality and morbidity attributable to PM10 exposure.
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40144_8b0e4a50534a507f17e3e488ae181a6c.pdf
2014-01-01
54
62
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40144
Air pollution
AirQ model
Health Impact Assessment
Morbidity
mortality
PM10
Gilas
Hosseini
hossinegilas@yahoo.com
1
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Afshin
Maleki
maleki43@yahoo.com
2
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hassan
Amini
heresh.amini@gmail.com
3
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahab
Mohammadi
4
Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Sadegh
Hassanvand
5
Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Omid
Giahi
omidgi71@yahoo.com
6
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Fardin
Gharibi
fardin_gharibi@yahoo.com
7
Deputy of Research, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Kunzli N, Kaiser R, Medina S, Studnicka M, Chanel O, Filliger P, et al. Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment. Lancet 2000; 356(9232): 795-801.
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32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Pollution: Treating Environmental Toxins
Maczulak AE. Pollution: Treating Environmental Toxins. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing; 2010. p. x+232. ISBN: 978-1-4381-2633-3
https://jaehr.muk.ac.ir/article_40137_d957a0e7e7a1488f8d7f2022c8992892.pdf
2014-01-01
63
64
10.22102/jaehr.2014.40137
No Keword
Borhan
Mansouri
borhanmansouri@yahoo.com
1
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Behzad
Shahmoradi
bshahmorady@gmail.com
2
Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
No References
1